• Postoperative outcomes and patient safety in cardiac surgery emerged as a central objective, integrating mortality, prognosis, and critical-care trajectories across CABG and related procedures [12], [13], [15], [19].

• Prophylaxis and early complication control became a dominant research pattern, examining venous thromboembolism prevention, postoperative antibiotics, and pharmacologic strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality [2], [6], [9], [14].

• Ventilatory support and cuffed-tube airway management spurred a pattern of research on tracheal injury mechanisms and safer respiratory strategies in critical care [4], [18].

• Prognostic indices and risk stratification in postcardiotomy and related cardiac procedures advanced decision-making under critical care by quantifying survival probabilities and adverse-event risks [7], [13].

• Pediatric congenital cardiac surgery safety and long-term outcomes shaped early management principles through infantile coarctation techniques and prognosis after surgical correction [10], [16], [17].